Cold Sassy Free Essays

Death is spread all throughout Cold Sassy Tree, a novel that begins with the passing of Mattie Lou and ends with the passing of Rocker Blakeley. While the book focuses on mainly on religion and the restrictions of the town Cold Sassy, the Grim Reaper seems to be floating around every corner. Cold Sassy Tree by Olive Ann Burns. We will write a custom essay sample on Cold Sassy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Is a book that revolves around death, and the main character Will Tweedy seems to know lust how to handle himself from the very start. Will Tweedy Is fourteen years old when his grandmother, Mattie Lou Toy Blakeley, dies three weeks before the novel begins. There Is no real explanation as to why she died, since the author did not specify her sickness, so It was most likely due to natural causes. This might have made It somewhat easier on Mattie Loll’s family and the rest of Cold Sassy, who were very close to her, but It does not keep them all from grieving and mourning to Kingdom Come. They linger on her death and restrict themselves from doing anything they find pleasurable. This Is understandable as well as common in their time, seeing that they could be judged for coming out of mourning too quickly. However, young Will sees that there is something wrong with tying upset for such a long period of time: â€Å"l just didn’t think I could stand anymore mourning. For three whole weeks†¦ They hadn’t let me play baseball or go fishing or anything. † (Burns 14). This shows that Will is somewhat ahead of others when it comes to dealing with the demise of close friends and relatives, though he deals with it in a very different way from others. Will Is puzzled by the conformity that is offered from Cold Sassy. He does not see why it is wrong for his grandfather, Mr.. Blakeley, to love both his dead wife and his new wife, Miss Love. He knows that it is strange for his grandfather to be marrying a unsung milliner shortly after Mattie Lou dies, yet sees the positive side and recognizes the fact that his grandfather will need help around the house. If Mattie Lou is dead, how can she help Mr.. Blakeley? Will has also almost been killed by a train; this occurred not long after Mattie Loll’s death. The event was very surreal to him, and he was extremely scared when he found that he could very well be dead: â€Å"And as knowledge of what could have happened hit me, I started shaking and crying. † (Burns 78). In addition to this, Will’s friend Bluffed Jackson died the previous year due to cocoas. Will grieves for him during the camping trip with his friends, but he covers it up with humor. That is the revelation; Will deals with death through comedy so that he can deal with the emotions he does not understand. However, after he himself almost dies, Will begins to see that he should be more appreciative of life, and It makes him want to understand God and death more than ever. This brings us to Will’s spiritual mentor, which would be his grandfather, Rocker Blakeley. Rocker helps Will mature In many ways through the novel, never lecturing UT sharing his thoughts with young Tweedy. Rocker makes It clear that he Cold Sassy By mahogany seems to be floating around every corner. Cold Sassy Tree by Olive Ann Burns. S a Will Tweedy is fourteen years old when his grandmother, Mattie Lou Toy Blakeley, dies three weeks before the novel begins. There is no real explanation as to why she died, since the author did not specify her sickness, so it was most likely due to natural causes. This might have made it somewhat easier on Mattie Loll’s family and the rest of Cold Sassy, who were very close to her, but it does not keep them all from homeless from doing anything they find pleasurable. This is understandable as well as common in their time, seeing that they could be Judged for coming out of staying upset for such a long period of time: â€Å"l Just didn’t think I could stand Will is puzzled by the conformity that is offered from Cold Sassy. He does not see almost dies, Will begins to see that he should be more appreciative of life, and it Blakeley. Rocker helps Will mature in many ways through the novel, never lecturing but sharing his thoughts with young Tweedy. Rocker makes it clear that he How to cite Cold Sassy, Papers

Hydrogen As Fuel Internal Combustion Engineâ€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Hydrogen As Fuel Internal Combustion Engine? Answer: Introducation The energy sector is undergoing different changes and different suggestions to overcome the different challenges in the industry. The environmental impacts are taking the center and therefore raising different researches to focus on other sources of energy to fuel the machines rather than fossil fuels. The analysis of hydrogen to be used as a fuel for internal combustion engine has been carried out for long and at some point looks much more promising to solve the different challenges (Rahman, Mohammed and Bakar, 2008). Even with the various advantages, hydrogen as well has some pros, which has been able to challenge its implementation as part of fuel for internal combustion engine. Hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engines (H2ICEs) has been a topic f focus and trial for several decades and several tests have been as well carried to evaluate the effect of use of hydrogen in this sector. The hydrogen internal combustion engine came in place in order to replace the traditional gasolin e engines. This part of this paper will mostly focus on the different elements of use of the hydrogen in the HICE rather than the differences on the engines. The use of hydrogen as a fuel is able to lead to production of water, which is emitted (Verhelst, Verstraeten and Sierens, 2014). Unlike the other denser field, which led to production of oxides of nitrogen, which are harmful to the environment, the production of water is friendly. The hydrogen fuel engines are able to burn fuel in the same manner as the gasolines engines do burn. Power output is a key factor, which is considered when adopting an engine. The air/fuel ratio and fuel injection methods are the major factors, which determine the power output for the hydrogen fueled engines. A stoichiometric air/fuel of 34:1 of hydrogen is usually used in these engines. Using this ratio, hydrogen is likely to replace 29% of the combustion chamber content and therefore leaving the 71% for air (Antunes, Gomes, Mikalsen and Roskilly, 2008). With the increase of the air content, the energy content is likely to be less than when gasoline is used as a fuel. This ratio is able to reduce the power output in the hydrogen engines. There are two key methods, which are mostly used, which include carbureted and port injection methods in the mixing of air and fuel before it enters the combustion chamber. The use of these methods in the internal combustion engine may result to either a 15% increase or decrease in the energy output for the engines. Metering of the fuel is key in d etermination of the theoretical power output in the engines. The metering of the fuel is able to contribute to the output of the power on these hydrogen engines. The hydrogen fueled engines are designs to twice the air in order to complete the combustion. The ratio of air and fuel are key in the production of nitrogen oxides. The use of hydrogen and the control of the ratio are able to lower the production of nitrogen oxides to near zero in these hydrogen fueled engines (Priyanka, and Sharma, 2014). The main use of the hydrogen as a fuel in the energy production is to reduce the production of the nitrogen oxides. Combustion properties of hydrogen are superior in terms of advantages achieved. Hydrogen as a fuel has a high flame velocity, which enhance its burning to produce power output. The use of the hydrogen as a fuel is able to increase the efficiency of operation through increase of power output. Flammability is another key factor, which is needed for fuels. Hydrogen has a wide range of flammability enhances wider operation of the engines. Complete burning of fuel is likely to happen and this leads to fuel economy. In addition, hydrogen a s a fuel has a high diffusivity. Formation of uniform airflow is usually achieved through the adoption of the hydrogen as a fuel (Verhelst, Maesschalck, Rombaut, and Sierens, 2009). In addition, through the diffusivity, if any leakage is able to happen the hydrogen is usually able to disperse it immediately and therefore lead to control of hazards. In addition, hydrogen has low density. The low density is advantageous in terms of weight but has some disadvantages. Large volume of hydrogen is usually require to cover a room unlike gasoline, which is dense. Secondly, reduced power output is usually related to the low density of hydrogen. Nevertheless, the use of hydrogen as a fuel in internal combustion engine is gaining its popularity. The need to enhance environmental factors, which gasoline and other fuel are causing, is able to promote the use of hydrogen. Merits and demerits of using hydrogen as a fuel The use of hydrogen as a fuel is able to bring various advantages to the industry. First and foremost, hydrogen is environmental friendly and its by product does not pollute the environment. This is one of the key advantage of adapting hydrogen as fuel unlike other fuels. When burned, hydrogen does not produce carbon and nitrogen oxides, which are widely produced by other fuels (Rude, et al., 2011). Additionally, hydrogen is non-toxic and this means that it is environmentally friendly. In terms if final products, when burnt hydrogen is able to produce water as the final product. This product is environmentally friendly and therefore the hydrogen as a fuel does not conflict the environmental existence. Gasoline and nuclear energy are able to produce other products, which are toxic to the environment. Products of carbon and nitrogen oxides by these other duels are able to deplete the ozone layer and therefore leading to global warming (Kim, Lee and Choi, 2012). This is able to affect t he climatic conditions and therefore affecting the ecosystem as a whole. This is a great advantage, which is able to promote the use of hydrogen as a fuel a part from the other fuels. Therefore, the adoption of hydrogen as a fuel is able to bring positive impacts to the environment than the other fuels, which destroy it much. In addition, hydrogen is readily available and therefore a source which can last. Fossil fuels can be extinguished from their sources and therefore relying on them means that some point the sources will be no more. Hydrogen fuel is more powerful; in fact, it is three times more powerful than other fuels. This means that the adoption of hydrogen as a fuel will be able to fuel all the machines unlike other fuels, which means that some machines such as rockets must search for other alternatives for fuel (Balat, 2008). Efficiency is a key factor when adopting any fuel. Hydrogen is able to lead to high efficiency and therefore enhancing its use. Hydrogen is able to produce three times efficiency when used as a fuel more than other fuels. This is a great advantage, which is achieved when there is fuel is adopted in the industry and therefore it enhances the operations. More importantly, hydrogen is renewable and this means that it can be used repeatedly unlike the nonrenewable energy fuels . The hydrogen fuel is available and can be produced to meet the demands, which may arise. This means that shortage cannot be experiences when adoption of the hydrogen fuel is done (Glassman, 2012). Since hydrogen can be sourced automatically or produced using water, the fuel has a future to meet further demands. Other fuel sources are able to be depleted with time and this places a risk on the emerging demand of fuel in different industries. A source, which can be able to withstand the increased demand, is therefore needed and the hydrogen fuel is able to generate hopes of that source and fuel. Demerits Hydrogen use as a fuel does not only have the positive part but also has some dark areas on it. First, hydrogen production process is expensive therefore meaning that the final end product will be expensive too. The process of production is long and requires large efforts to bring out the hydrogen as a fuel (Kelly, Gibson Ouwerkerk, 2008). When compared with other fuels, it is cheaper to produce them than the production of hydrogen. Additionally, transportation and storage of hydrogen as a fuel is not easy. Since the fuel will not only be used at the point of production, its transportation and storage becomes an expensive affair. Other fuels have transportation mechanisms such as pipeline and trucks, which enhance their storage and transportation to consumption points in an easy way. This makes them cheap to consumers. Transporting hydrogen fuel to consumers will make it more expensive for them to afford it for their use. In addition, hydrogen is highly flammable and this means that special mechanism for its forage will be required. The handling of the fuel then becomes an issue, which will affect its usage as a fuel due to flammability. Moreover, the production of the hydrogen will require other energy sources (Swain and Adt, 2010). This means that the usage of other sources such as gasoline will not be evaded at all. The production process for the hydrogen will require these sources to complete the process. This is unlike these sources, which are able to run their parts in order to refine the fuels. Therefore even with the numerous advantages which the hydrogen fuel is able to bring, there are few hurdles, which need to be jumped for effective implementation of this energy References Antunes, F., Gomes, M.J., Mikalsen, R. and Roskilly, A.P. (2008). An Investigation of Hydrogen Fuelled HCCI Engine Performance and Operation. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 33(15):5823-5828. Balat, M. (2008). Potential Importance of Hydrogen as a Future Solution to Environment and Transportation Problems. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 33(15):4013-4029. Glassman, I. (2012). Combustion. Academic Press, Inc California. Kelly, N.A., Gibson T. L. Ouwerkerk D. B. (2008). A Solar-Powered, High-Efficiency Hydrogen Fueling System using High Pressure Electrolysis of Water: Design and Initial Results. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy; (18): 2747-2764. Kim, Y.Y., Lee T.J., and Choi, H.G. (2012). An Investigation on the Causes of Cycle Variation in Direct Injection Hydrogen Fueled Engines. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, (1):69-76. Priyanka, G., and Sharma, S.K., (2014). Review on Opportunities and Difficulties with HCNG as a Future Fuel for Internal Combustion Engine. Advances in Aerospace Science and Application, Research India Publication; 4(1):79-84.Balat, M. (2008). Potential importance of hydrogen as a future solution to environmental and transportation problems. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 33(15): 4013-4029. Rahman, M.M., Mohammed, M.K., and Bakar, R.A. (December 2008). Effect of Engine Speed on Performance of Four-Cylinder Direct Injection Hydrogen Fueled Engine. Proceedings of the 4th BSME-ASME International Conference on Thermal Engineering, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 27-29, 175-200. Rude, L.H., Nielsen, T.K., Ravnsbk, D.B., Bosenberg, Ley, M.B., Richter, B. (2011). Tailoring Properties of Borohydrides for Hydrogen Storage: A Review. Phys Status Solidi (a); 208(8):175473. Swain, M.R. and Adt. R.R. (2010). The Hydrogen-Air Fuelled Automobile, Proc. 7th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference; 1382-1388. Verhelst, S., Maesschalck, P., Rombaut, N., and Sierens, R. (2009). Increasing the Power Output of Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines by means of Supercharging and Exhaust Gas Recirculation. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 34(10): 44064412. Verhelst, S., Verstraeten, S., and Sierens, R. (2014). A Comprehensive Overview of Hydrogen Engine Design Features. J. Automobile, ; 221(8): 911-920.

Workshop Exercise Week 5 Developing a Thesis Stat Essays - Writing

Workshop Exercise Week 5: Developing a Thesis Statement in Response to An Essay Topic For the mid-term essay, you have been given a list of topics to write about in relation to either Great Expectations or Jane Eyre. In university essays (unlike Leaving Cert essays, which are more like summaries or checklists of everything you know about a text or subject), you are expected to to formulate an argument in response to your chosen topic which is articulated in a thesis statement in your introductory paragraph. Furthermore, you are expected to analyze both the "content" and the "form" of the text and base your argument on evidence (citation and analysis) from the primary text and from secondary sources of scholarly criticism. Complete the exercise on pages 3-5 (section II of this handout) and bring it to your Workshop in Week 5. This exercise is designed to help you develop a thesis statement which expresses the argument you will make about your chosen topic and which includes of analysis of both the "content" and the "form" of the text. Note: you may decide to change your thesis statement, topic, or chosen text after this workshop. The exercise is designed to help start you thinking what you might write about, which might change as you work through it. Be prepared to peer-review your thesis statement in class. After the exercise is a list of peer-review questions (section III), followed by an appendix of materials (section IV) that can give you further guidance in developing a thesis statement. I What is a Thesis Statement? If your assignment asks you to take a position or develop a claim about a subject, you need to convey that position or claim in a thesis statement near the beginning of your draft. When an assignment asks you to analyze, to interpret, to compare and contrast, to demonstrate cause and effect, or to take a stand on an issue, it is likely that you are being asked to develop a thesis and to support it persuasively. A thesis statement... . Tells the reader how you will interpret the significance of the subject matter under discussion. . Is a road map for the paper; in other words, it tells the reader what to expect from the rest of the paper. . Directly answers the question asked of you. A thesis is an interpretation of a topic or subject, not the subject itself. The subject, or topic, of an essay might be 19th-century gender roles or Alice in Wonderland; a thesis must then offer a way to understand gender roles or the novel. . Makes a claim-an argument- that others might dispute. . Is usually a single sentence near the end of your first paragraph that presents your argument to the reader. The rest of the paper, the body of the essay, gathers and organizes evidence that will persuade the reader of the logic of your interpretation. The conclusion usually reiterates the thesis statement and summarizes how you have demonstrated its truth. Some Caveats and Examples: . An effective thesis cannot be answered with a simple "yes" or "no." A thesis is not a topic; nor is it a fact; nor is it an opinion. "Reasons for the fall of communism" is a topic. "Communism collapsed in Eastern Europe" is a fact known by educated people. "The fall of communism is the best thing that ever happened in Europe" is an opinion. (Superlatives like "the best" almost always lead to trouble. It's impossible to weigh every "thing" that ever happened in Europe. And what about the fall of Hitler? Couldn't that be "the best thing"?) . A good thesis has two parts. It should tell what you plan to argue, and it should "telegraph" how you plan to argue-that is, what particular support for your claim is going where in your essay. . A thesis is never a question. Readers of academic essays expect to have questions discussed, explored, or even answered. A question ("Why did communism collapse in Eastern Europe?") is not an argument, and without an argument, a thesis is dead in the water. . A thesis is never a list. "For political, economic, social and cultural reasons, communism collapsed in Eastern Europe" does a good job of "telegraphing" the reader what to expect in the essay-a section about political reasons, a section about economic reasons, a section about social

What to Do If You Hate Your College Roommate

What to Do If You Hate Your College Roommate Frustrated with your roommate? Think he or she might be frustrated with you? Roommate conflicts are, unfortunately, part of many peoples college experiences, and they can be incredibly stressful. With a little patience and communication, though, it doesnt have to be the end of the roommate-relationship. At the same time, these same skill-sets  can go a long way toward determining if it would be best for each of you to find new roommates. Does Your Roommate Think Theres a Problem? If you think youre having roommate problems, there is one of two things going on: your roommate knows it, too, or your roommate is completely clueless. Things may be tense when the two of you are together in the room; conversely, your roommate may have no idea how frustrated you are at how often he finishes off your cereal after rugby practice. If your roommate isnt aware of the problem, make sure you know what it is thats really bugging you, before you try to address it with them. Get Clear About Your Issues In a space other than your room, sit and think about what is really frustrating you. Try writing down what is frustrating you the most. Is your roommate not respecting your space and/or things? Is she coming home late and making a lot of noise? Having too many people over too often? Instead of writing down last week, she ate all of my food AGAIN, try to think about patterns. Something like she doesnt respect my space and stuff, even though Ive asked her to might address the problem more and be easier for your roommate to handle. Address the Problem Once youve figured out the main issues, try to talk to your roommate at a time that is good for both of you. Its a very good idea to try to set this time in advance. Ask if you can talk when you are both done with morning classes on Wednesday, on Saturday at 2 p.m., etc. Set a specific time so that this weekend doesnt come and go without the two of you talking. Chances are, your roommate knows that you guys need to talk, so give him a few days to possibly put his thoughts together, too. On the same note, however, if you dont feel comfortable talking to your roommate directly, thats okay, too. But you do need to address it. If you live on campus, talk to your RA (Resident Adviser) or other hall staff member. They are trained to help residents with roommate problems and will know what to do, even if you dont. Speak Your Mind...But Listen, Too Using the list and notes you made, and possibly in a conversation facilitated by an RA, let your roommate know how you are feeling. Try not to attack your roommate too much, no matter how frustrated you are. Try using language that addresses the problem, not the person. For example, instead of saying, I cant believe how selfish you are when it comes to my things, try saying, It really frustrates me that you borrow my clothes without asking. The more you verbally attack your roommate (or anyone else, for that matter), the more her defenses are going to go up. Take a deep breath and say what you need to in a way that is constructive and respectful. After all, youd want the same from your roommate, right? And, as hard as it may be, try to listen to what your roommate has to say without getting defensive or interrupting. It may take you biting your cheeks, sitting on your hands, or mentally pretending that youre talking on a tropical beach, but do your best. Your roommate may have some valid reasons behind whats going on and be frustrated, too. The only way you are going to get to the bottom of everything is to put it out on the table, talk about it, and see what you can do. Youre in college now; its time to address this like the adult that you are. If youre having an RA facilitate the conversation, let him or her take the lead. If its just you and your roommate, try to address the things you both said in a way that can satisfy everyone. Most likely, you both wont leave 100% happy, but ideally, you can both leave feeling relieved and ready to move on. After the Discussion After you guys talk, things may be a little awkward. Which is, of course, fine and totally normal. Unless there are issues that you just cannot tolerate, give your roommate a little time to make the changes you discussed. He may be so used to how things have been going for two months that it will be hard to stop doing some of the things he didnt even know drove you nuts. Be patient, but also make it clear that you two came to an agreement and he needs to keep his end of the deal, too. Moving Out If things just arent working out, its not the end of the world. It doesnt mean you or your roommate did anything wrong. Some people just dont live well together! It may be that you both are much better friends than roommates. Or that you will rarely talk to each other for the rest of your time at school. Any situation is fine, as long as you feel safe and ready to move on. If you decide that you just cant stick with your roommate for the rest of the year, figure out what to do next. If you live on campus, talk to your RA again. If you live off campus, figure out what your options are in terms of the lease and relocating. You arent the first person ever to have a problem with a roommate; there are undoubtedly resources already available on campus to help you transition out. Regardless, do your best to remain civil and respectful, and know that your next living situation probably has nowhere to go but up!

Case study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Case study - Assignment Example Management is essentially an act of fulfillment of objectives through people, and efficient management implies getting the maximum output from the people. Therefore, a good manager must encourage teamwork and enhance team spirit by meeting the needs of both the individual and the team. This paper will focus on a case study regarding problems of human resources. In any organization, managerial goal is to extract optimum performance from workers and employees for the benefit of the organization. The concept of High Performance Work Practices (HPWP) is a deliberate attempt to establish working patterns that will enhance the overall performance of the organization. This concept is not new and employees who embrace this concept are only implementing common sense approach to improve their performance level. HPWPs indicate assessment of own work, flexible working patterns, and other strategies to provide maximum results. HPWPs also encompass strategic recruitment policies and motivational schemes like promotions, financial rewards and flexible working hours (Sung & Ashton, 2005, p.2). According to research based on world reports, there are two major advantages of HPWPs. First, such practices maintain a steady improvement in the performance level of employees, and second, employee satisfaction can be enhanced both in terms of work and personal lif e. The combined impact of these two benefits is reflected in high level of employee commitment, improved financial performance, sustained competitiveness, and innovation (Sung & Ashton, 2005, p.8). In this section, I will be highlighting the problems of human resources in ServiceCo which is a â€Å"support services partner in the UK providing business solutions for clients across the local government, transport, education, health and defence sectors† (Alfes et al., 2010, p.8). Currently, 10,500 employees are engaged in 200 locations in UK. According to survey

Module VI- Ethics of the Professional Educator Essay

Module VI- Ethics of the Professional Educator - Essay Example It is misleading, for example, the role of homework to the student, he is against it. How will the teacher know that what he has taught the students is well understood? It is only through the homework that the students and teachers will know the level of understanding and put effort into areas of weaknesses before primary exams. Kohn argues that appreciating the child’s work, for example, saying ‘good job’ is a way of evaluating bad job (Kohn, 2001). It might be accepted in some cases, but in educational purposes and as a way of motivation, it encourages the child to keep on with the good job always. In any profession, ethics is the most important thing to be maintained in order to enhance good relationship between professionals and other people that interact with organizations and societies hence good output/results in the line of profession. For educators, they are guided by different principles and standards in respect to the diverse and distinctive features. Teachers are professionally trained individuals with knowledge of ethical issues (Mostert 1998, p.18). For example, most teachers have failed to realize that failing to maintain competence is a way of reducing ethical standards among themselves. Competence is maintained by a professional interaction that helps in building of an important inter-collaborative professional relationship. It helps teachers to consult one another before the decision is made. Maintaining high expectation is essential for teachers in ethical judgment and decision-making (Mostert, 17). Teachers are also expected to support the application of posi tive behavior supports and be conventional to confined policies that relate to the use of disciplinary methods and behavior change process. In most cases, teachers thought that they are the ethical decision makers when it comes to such issues by overlooking what is expected from them; it is an ethical requirement for teachers to use the application of positive behavior

Photography Representation of Reality

Photography Representation of Reality Introduction:- When we look into a photograph; we often tend to forget that this is not an image taken by a camera rather its a moment of a living being captured rather trapped forever. In china its a belief that photographs trap soul of a person; maybe its a myth or maybe its true also. Isnt it true that its stealing the very essence of your life for that particular fraction of time? A photographer or a painter tries to tell the entire story of life, happiness, misery, joy, patience, grace and all the possible human emotions encapsulated in one frame. This is the masterpiece which he tries to recreate his entire life. Photography emerged from Europe in early 19th century when concepts of positivist science came into focus. Positivism believes that the empirical truths can be established by visual evidence only. Empirical truths are facts that can be established through experimentation by recreating the circumstances for identical outcomes. In context of positivism the camera was taken to be a scientific tool for registering reality. Positivist theory believed that a photograph is not subjective to the psychology of the photographer but is subjective to the viewer who interprets the photo. Most of the time we see an image and we always co-relate it with ourselves , how it is connected to us what is the relation it has got with our lives; these are the general questions which comes in our mind while interoperating any image shown on newspaper, magazine or Television. Every image tries to tell some story behind it and it is mainly depends on person to person how they interpret it , because it could carry different meanings to the different people what kind of aesthetic values and taste they have got, what cultural, educational background they hold to understand its meaning and effects. â€Å" Photography transformed subject into object , and even one might say , into a museum object: in order to take the first portrait (around 1840) the subject had to assume long poses under a glass roof in bright sunlight ; to become an object made one suffer as much as a surgical operation ; then a device was invented , a kind of prosthesis invisible to the lens , which supported and maintained the body in its passage to immobility: this headrest was the pedestal of the statue i would become, the corset of my imaginary essence.† Roland Barthes (1982), Camera Lucida: Reflection on Photography: (Fontana Paperbacks).p.13 As said by Roland Barthes a French theorist; photography makes subject into an object and photographer always plays with his surgical devices like selection, framing and personalization to make it more attractive. It can be done through lots of technical knowledge and techniques. In this commercial world of advertisements, movies and magazines everything is sold by selling emotions shown in the images. The photographer has to perform as an art director who tries to sell the emotions through his graphical effects on masses. That is why success of famous brands and popularity of magazines and newspapers is mainly dependant on powerful images .The image values count on its being unique, powerful, strange, shocking, adventures, different, rare. According to Roland there are two levels of meaning of an image; a denotative and a connotative meaning of an image. An image can denote certain apparent truths. Denotative meaning means literal, descriptive meaning. However the same image can connote culturally specific meaning. Connotative meaning depends on cultural and historical context of the image which the viewers themselves have experienced. In other words its the viewers own interpretation of image based on their own experiences and beliefs in the cultural environment the viewer is living. Hence an image which is just a representation of reality actually invokes facts which are deeper than visible. â€Å"In Barthes model , in addition to the two levels of meaning of denotation and connotation , that is the sign , which is composed of the signifier and signified , which is the concept evoked by that word/image . in the Benetton ad, one interpretation could be that the burning car is the signifier and terrorism is the signified .The image (or word) and its meaning together (the signifier and signified together form the sign. Image/ sound word Signifier Meaning Signified = Sign†- Marita Sturken and Lisa Cartwright(2001), Practices of looking: An Introduction to Visual culture(Oxford: Oxford University Press), P.19 So every image has got one signifier and its meaning which we interpret is a signified which is equal to sign that means every image make us think what is the hidden meaning behind it, and most of the time photographer try to give that sign in that image or text which we see in newspapers, magazines or in television commercials. In still photography photographer try to give these effects by showing certain degree of subjectivity and objectivity it directly hits the conscious mind and also try to hit the sub-conscious mind of the interpreter. In most of the advertisement emphasis is given on masculinity and genders like Marlboro ads they always feature a cowboy going on a horse they both are signifier of power and masculinity, where a cowboy is shown on top of hill taking drags of cigarette on top of hill, Most of the under wear ads man is shown as powerful by showing features of his body and masculinity it creates a kind of attraction, but in real world who wears underwear is not alw ays as powerful as shown in these ads. People always try to co-relate themselves with these models. In female accessories advertisements model is always beautiful looking full of life wearing a good dress and using some products where they show she has become more beautiful after wearing certain product this image always leads to the kind of desire to look more beautiful. Photographer is always paid to create these kinds of powerful images to lure target audience. Still photography can create shock, adventure, fascination, disgust, anger, confusion. The photograph taken by weegee in 1940s image of a school children who see a murder in the street captured a fascination in that childs eyes which fascinates the interpreter in a same way the child is fascinated by that scene. Still photography of nude woman or a man is always a simple object of sex; there is no subjectivity involved. It does not give anything myth it is never shocking or adventurous it is just taken to create desire to have sex. Barthess concepts are particularly applicable on examining the photographic truth; however its not very much applicable on film images and television news images. As in those cases it is the music and the sequence of frames which decides the meaning rather than a particular frame. Ideology plays a very important role in how an image is perceived by a viewer. Ideologies are system of beliefs that exists in all culture. It is a broad, shared sets of values and beliefs through which an individual lives in sets on complex social relationships. An ideology gives the viewer the perception to view image of a partially filled glass as ‘half filled or ‘half empty. Ideology goes hand in hand with Barthes concept to denote the meaning of an image. Ideologies plays major role in interpretation of images it is different for different cultures based on their beliefs and values the way they live their life in particular society. One particular image can be adopted by one society or ideology but it could be taboo for another group of people. Like a picture of a pig on school books or images is very normal for one group of society but it could be understood as a taboo in Muslim Ideologies. In this case I can say perspective of the people differs from one society or ideology to another and this is a major fact how it is going to control the success of that image. Beliefs and set of rules is the major factor in interpretation of images and videos. â€Å"Photography is a kind primitive theatre, a kind of Tableau Vivant, a figuration of the motionless and made up face beneath which we see dead†- Roland Barthes (1982), Camera Lucida: Reflection on Photography: (Fontana Paperbacks).p.32 In old time people used to play the characters of the plays where they used to show their emotions by showing different expressions and the objective was to create drama in front of the public to bring out those emotions which was the requirement of the play but inside their make-ups and dresses they are not the same people which they portray in theatre .so as said by barthes Photography is also kind of theatre where people poses and try to imitate themselves by showing best out of them the full smiling faces if it is a photograph of a family everybody will stand closer to each other holding hands hugging and kissing so in photographs people try to show what meaning in should convey to the viewer it does not matter how much do they love each other or hate each other in reality. â€Å"Charles Pierce worked with a somewhat different model in which the signifier ( Word/ Image ) is distinguished not only from the signified (meaning) but also from the referent , or the object itself . In addition pierce defined categories of signs based on different kinds of relationship between signifiers and signified, for instance pierce made a distinction between indexical, iconic, and symbolic signs.† Marita Sturken and Lisa Cartwright(2001), Practices of looking: An Introduction to Visual culture(Oxford: Oxford University Press), P.20 Iconic and symbolic signs always plays a major role in Image world , For an example picture of mother and child always gives the straight meaning of motherhood , love and affection it is universal it is understood in all the languages and by all the people. Picture of famous actress Marilyn Monroe is an iconic symbol of sex and beauty since long time her iconic image hasnt changed. In every picture the reality and representation is not necessarily same some pictures the way they are taken and how a photographer represents it in the front of viewers is entirely dependent on his skills how he is going to personalize the particular event and by doing selection and framing how it looks like; Here comes the manipulation part every picture is not presented just as an object to create subjectivity he has to understand the right angle positions and framing. This thing is very common in commercial world of advertisements and movie making, director always target some audience and he raises certain issues to think what impact it will give after adding sound and visual effects and graphical effects. In silent movies everything is expressed by showing emotions and body gesture of the characters. In Advertisement of Benetton where a black lady is nursing a white baby gives direct impact of racism where in connotes lots of meaning to different group of people and every time t his picture says different stories some people might interpret it is based on unity, slavery or other general issues. In Advertisement of Hdfc bank they portray image of different people from different countries that means they are not catering one part of the world they are ready to serve people from different parts, cultural background and societies here comes the personalization. Every frame, color coding and background contributes to its meaning to different people. Manipulation of Images is very common now days so we cannot say that it is a piece of evidence , techniques are used to show the different things in different way emphasis is given how to create it more powerful the maximum impact on masses. The value of image is mainly its authenticity, true emotions, and hidden meanings. In television and news papers its value is how fast an issue has been covered and the channels those show the latest news or current events before any other channel becomes authentic news channel; so success of every news, advertisement or movie is based on its authenticity how it impresses viewers and how real it looks. Summary: To interpret images we need to examine the visual language the image is speaking. The image contains layers of truth and it relies in the viewers capacity to decode the language its trying to ‘speak. Reading and interpreting images is one way that we as viewers contribute by assign our culture to the interpreted meaning. Hence an image is a composite of subjective and objective meanings as said by Marita Sturken References: Marita Sturken and Lisa Cartwright(2001), Practices of looking: An Introduction to Visual culture(Oxford: Oxford University Press), P.20 Roland Barthes (1982), Camera Lucida: Reflection on Photography: (Fontana Paperbacks).p.32